Several Grounding screw rating stamps are found on the strap and on the back of the switch. LIST means that the voltage ratings gauge rating switch meets the safety standards of the Underwriters Laboratories. Switches also are stamped with maximum voltage and amperage ratings. Standard wall switches Wire strip are rated 15A or V.
Voltage ratings of Screw terminals gauge , , and are considered to be identical for purposes of identification. For standard wall switch installations, choose a switch that has a wire gauge Wire compatibilty ratings rating of 12 or It has ON-OFF markings on the switch lever and is used to control a set of lights, Grounding Note: Position screw of the screw an appliance, or a receptacle from a single location.
When installing a single-pole switch, manufacturer check to make sure the ON marking shows when the switch lever is in the up position. In a correctly wired single-pole switch, a hot Switch lever Two screw terminals circuit wire is attached to each screw terminal. However, the color and number of wires inside the switch box will vary, depending on the location of the switch along the electrical circuit. If two cables enter the box, then the switch lies in the middle of the circuit. In this installation, both of the hot wires attached to the switch are black.
If only one cable enters the box, then the switch lies at the end of the circuit. In this installation sometimes called a switch loop , one of the hot wires A single-pole switch is essentially an interruption in the black is black, but the other hot wire usually is white.
A white power supply wire that is opened or closed with the toggle. Single-pole switches are the simplest of all home wiring switches. Each cable has a white and a of a circuit. In this installation, both of to the switched device and a separate black insulated wire, plus a bare copper the insulated wires are hot. The white neutral wire should be available in the grounding wire.
The black wires are wire should be labeled with black tape switch box. The terminals on the switch. The white wires grounding wire is connected to the are neutral and are joined together with switch grounding screw. Grounding wires are pigtailed to the switch. Three-way switches are always installed in pairs and are used to control a set of lights from two locations.
One of the screw terminals on a three-way switch Traveler screw is darker than the others. This screw is the common terminals screw terminal. The position of the common screw terminal on the switch body may vary, depending on the manufacturer. Before disconnecting a three-way switch, always label the wire that is connected to the common screw terminal. It must be reconnected to Common screw the common screw terminal on the new switch.
The traveler terminals are interchangeable, so there is no need to label the wires attached to them. Grounding screw Because three-way switches are installed in terminals pairs, it sometimes is difficult to determine which of the switches is causing a problem. The switch that receives greater use is more likely to fail, but you may need to inspect both switches to find the source of the problem.
The black wire from the two-wire cable is connected to the dark common screw terminal. The red and black wires from the three-wire cable are connected to the traveler screw terminals. The white neutral wires are joined together with a wire connector, and the grounding wires are pigtailed to the grounded metal box. Holding the the grounded metal box or to the bare copper grounding wire mounting strap carefully, pull the switch from the box.
Be careful and touching the other probe to each screw terminal. Tester not to touch the bare wires or screw terminals until they have should not glow. If it does, there is still power entering the box.
On most three-way switches, wires are interchangeable and can be Disconnect wires and remove switch. Test the switch for continuity. If it tests Or it may be labeled with the word Carefully tuck the wires into the box.
If necessary, clip switch. Reconnect the grounding screw, cover plate. Turn on the power at damaged wires and strip them.
Four-way switches are always installed between a pair of three-way Line 1 screw terminals switches. This switch combination makes it possible to control a set of lights from three or more locations. Four-way switches are common in homes where large rooms contain multiple living areas, such as a kitchen opening into a dining room. Switch problems in a four-way installation can be caused by loose Line 2 screw connections or worn parts in a four-way switch or in terminals one of the three-way switches facing page.
In a typical installation, there will be a pair of three-wire cables that enter the box for the four-way switch. With most switches, the white and red wires from one cable should be attached to the bottom or top pair of screw terminals, and the white and red wires from the other cable should be attached to the Note: Position remaining pair of screw terminals.
However, not all of the screw terminals on a switches are configured the same way, and wiring switch may vary, configurations in the box may vary, so always study the depending on manufacturer. The red Switch variation: Some four-way switches have a wiring and white wires from one cable are attached to the top pair guide stamped on the back to help simplify installation.
For the of screw terminals, while the red and white wires from the switch shown above, one pair of color-matched circuit wires other cable are attached to the bottom screw terminals.
In will be connected to the screw terminals marked LINE 1, while new switch wiring, the white wire should not supply current the other pair of wires will be attached to the screw terminals to the switched device, and a separate neutral wire should be marked LINE 2.
Holding the mounting strap carefully, pull the switch from them for nicks and scratches. If the box. Be careful not to touch any bare wires or screw terminals until they have necessary, clip damaged wires and strip been tested for power. Test for power by touching one probe of the neon circuit tester them.
Test the switch for continuity to the grounded metal box or bare copper grounding wire and touching the other pages 98 to Buy a replacement if probe to each of the screw terminals. The tester should not glow. If it does, there is still the switch tests faulty. Return to the panel, and turn off the correct circuit.
Pigtail the grounding wires to the grounding screw. Carefully tuck the wires inside the switch box, and then remount the switch and cover plate. Turn on power at the panel. It is used to control two light fixtures or appliances from the same switch box. In most installations, both halves of the Tab switch are powered by the same circuit. In these single-circuit installations, three wires are connected To fixtures to the double switch.
One wire, called the feed Ground wire which is hot , supplies power to both halves of the switch. The other wires, called the switch leg, carry power out to the individual light fixtures Feed or appliances.
In rare installations, each half of the switch Single-circuit wiring: Three black wires are attached to the is powered by a separate circuit. In these switch. The black feed wire bringing power into the box is connected to the side of the switch that has a connecting tab.
The white neutral wires are connected photo below. Connecting tab To fixture Tab removed Ground Feed Separate-circuit wiring: Four black wires are attached to the switch. Feed wires Remove the connecting tab on from the power source are attached to the side of the switch that has a connecting a double switch when wired in a tab, and the connecting tab is removed photo, right. Wires carrying power from the separate-circuit installation. The tab can switch to light fixtures or appliances are connected to the side of the switch that be removed with needlenose pliers or does not have a connecting tab.
White neutral wires are connected together with a a screwdriver. Pilot-light switches often are installed for Silver convenience if a light fixture or appliance cannot be seen from the switch location. Basement lights, garage lights, and attic exhaust fans frequently are controlled To fixture by pilot-light switches. Gold A pilot-light switch requires a neutral wire Grounds connection. A switch box that contains a single two-wire cable has only hot wires and cannot be fitted with a pilot-light switch.
Feed wire Pilot-light switch wiring: Three wires are connected to the switch. One black wire is the feed wire that brings power into the box. It is connected to the brass gold screw terminal on the side of the switch that does not have a connecting tab.
The white neutral wires are pigtailed to the silver screw terminal. The black wire carrying power out to a light fixture or appliance is connected to the screw terminal on the side of the switch that has a connecting tab.
In the most common installations, the receptacle is hot even when the switch is off photo, right. One of the hot wires is the feed wire that terminal on the side of the switch that does not have a brings power into the box.
It is connected to the side of the connecting tab. The other hot wire carries power out to the light fixture or appliance. It is connected to the brass screw terminal on the side that does not have a connecting tab. The white neutral wire is pigtailed to the silver screw terminal. Dimmer switches pages 96 to 97 are used frequently to control light intensity in dining cannot be installed in switch boxes that have only one cable with two hot wires. Timer switches and time-delay was changed in to require an available neutral switches below are used to control light fixtures wire in newly-installed switch boxes.
Electronic switches If a specialty switch is not operating correctly, you provide added convenience and home security, and may be able to test it with a continuity tester.
Timer they are easy to install. Electronic switches are switches and time-delay switches can be tested for durable, and they rarely need replacement. Most specialty switches have preattached wire With electronic switches, the manual switch can leads instead of screw terminals and are connected to be tested for continuity, but the automatic features circuit wires with wire connectors. Some motor-driven cannot be tested. The remaining wire lead is the fans on and off automatically once each day.
They are neutral lead. It must be connected to any neutral commonly used to control outdoor light fixtures.
A switch box that contains only one Timer switches have three preattached wire cable has no neutral wires, so it cannot be fitted with leads. The black wire lead is connected to the hot a timer switch. Countdown timer switch. This Occupancy sensor. Many smart Programmable timer switch. A rocker-type switch gives you the option switches incorporate a motion detector dial-type timer allows you to program to easily program the switch to shut that will switch the lights on if they the switch to turn on for specific time off after a specified time: from 5 to 60 sense movement in the room and will periods at designated times of day minutes.
Garage lights or basement also shut them off when no movement within a hour cycle. Security lights, lights are good applications: anywhere is detected for a period of time. The space heaters, towel warmers, and you want the light to stay on long model shown above also has a dimmer radiant floors are typical applications.
These switches often are used to control vent fans. This lets you turn on lights, heat lamps, Spring-wound timer switch. A relatively simple device, this and other loads for a designated amount of time 10 to 60 timer switch functions exactly like a kitchen timer, employing a minutes with one easy push of a button.
The green LED at hand-turned dial to and spring mechanism to shut the switch the bottom of this unit provides a readout of how much time off in increments up to 15 minutes. The model shown is not compatible with fluorescent ballasts.
Daylight sensor switch. This switch automatically turns on Backlit countdown timer. This digital switch lets you when light levels drop below a proscribed level. It can also be program lights or other devices to stay on for up to 24 hours programmed as an occupancy sensor to shut off when the and then shut off automatically. The backlit, LED readout gives room is vacant and turn on when the room is entered.
Up and down buttons let you raise or lower the remaining time easily, and a manual override button will shut off the switch until it is turned back on. Dimmers are often installed in dining rooms, recreation areas, or bedrooms. Toggle-type dimmers Any standard single-pole switch can be replaced resemble standard with a dimmer, as long as the switch box is of switches.
Toggle dimmers are available adequate size. Dimmer switches have larger bodies in both single-pole and three-way designs. They also generate a small The model shown amount of heat that must dissipate. For these reasons, supports incandescent, fluorescent, and LED dimmers should not be installed in undersized dimmable blubs.
In lighting configurations that use three-way switches pages 88 to 89 , buy a packaged pair of three-way dimmers designed to work together. Dimmer switches are available in several styles see photo, right. All types have wire leads instead of screw Dial-type dimmers are terminals, and they are connected to circuit wires using the most common style. Rotating the dial changes wire connectors. Some types have a green grounding the light intensity. Until very recently, dimmers were designed to work only with incandescent lamps.
When replacing incandescent lamps with CFL and LED lamps, make sure the new lamps are designed to work with older dimmers. Slide-action dimmers have illuminated faces that make the switch easy to locate in the dark.
An automatic dimmer also can be operated manually. For another example, see page 95, lower left. Be careful not of the bare wire end exposed. In new switch wiring, the white wire should not supply current to the switched device, and a separate neutral wire should be available in the switch box.
This circuit wires using wire connectors. When interchangeable and can be attached to either of the two replacing a standard three-way switch with a dimmer, the circuit wires. Test switches with a battery-operated continuity tester. The continuity tester detects any break in the metal pathway inside the switch.
Replace the switch if the continuity tester shows the switch to be faulty. Clip Probe Never use a continuity tester on wires that might carry live current. Always shut off the power and disconnect the switch before testing for continuity. Some specialty switches, such as dimmers, cannot be tested for continuity. Electronic switches can be tested for manual operation using a continuity tester, but the automatic operation of these switches cannot be tested.
A continuity tester uses battery-generated current to test Touch the tester probe to the other screw terminal. If the switch is good, the tester electrical fixtures. The tester should glow. If not, then the battery or lightbulb is dead and must be replaced.
Touch the probe to the other traveler screw terminal, Touch the tester probe to one of the traveler screw terminals, and flip the switch lever back and forth.
If the switch is good, and flip the switch lever back and forth. If the switch is good, the tester will glow only when the switch lever is in the the tester should glow when the lever is in one position, but position opposite from the positive test in step 1. The test should show continuous pathways pathways for each lever position. If not, then the switch between the two different pairs of screw terminals.
Flip the is faulty and must be replaced. The arrangement of the lever to the opposite position, and repeat the test. It should pathways may differ, depending on the switch manufacturer. With the switch position. Check to see if the light fixture or appliance is lever in the ON position, attach the tester clip to the top screw working. If the pilot light does not glow even though the switch terminal on one side of the switch.
Touch the tester probe to operates the light fixture or appliance, then the pilot light is the top screw terminal on the opposite side of the switch. If defective and the unit must be replaced. Rotate arrow marker. If it does, the switch the timer dial clockwise until the ON tab passes the arrow is faulty and must be replaced. If it does not, the switch is faulty and must be replaced. Touch the tester attaching the tester clip to one screw wire leads, and touch the tester probe probe to the top screw terminal on terminal and touching the probe to the to the other lead.
Set the timer for a the opposite side. Flip the switch lever opposite side. Flip the switch lever from few minutes. If the switch is good, correctly, the tester will glow until the is working correctly, the tester will glow the tester glows when the switch lever time expires. If either half tests faulty, replace the unit.
Flip the tester probe to the other lead. If the switch is working OFF position. From the basic amp, volt duplex receptacle to the burly amp, volt appliance receptacle, the many receptacles in your home do pretty much the same thing: transmit power to a load.
Learning the differences between receptacles does not take long. You need to know the amperage, voltage, and the number of devices on the circuit to select the correct receptacle. For circuits with one receptacle, match the circuit and receptacle amperage and voltage. A duplex receptacle with a space for two plugs counts as two receptacles. Use amp receptacles on amp circuits with multiple receptacles. Use either or amp receptacles on amp circuits with multiple receptacles. Twenty- amp receptacles have the horizontal slot that forms a T with the large slot.
Though some receptacles can be wired using the push-in wire holes, this method is not recommended. If you use this method, use only amp receptacles with 14 wire and amp receptacles with 12 wire.
Some receptacles provide built-in, ground-fault circuit protection, tripping the receptacle if there is a ground fault or power surge. These are easy to identify by reset and test buttons. One last bit of information about receptacles: like switches, they vary quite a bit in quality. Paying the extra couple of dollars for a well made, durable device is worth the money.
Each has a unique arrangement of slots that accepts only a certain kind of plug, and volts. For purposes of replacement, these ratings are considered identical. High-voltage receptacles are rated at , , or volts. These ratings are each is designed for a specific job.
Household receptacles provide two types of When replacing a receptacle, check the voltage: normal and high. Then moving forward, the next page contains the disclaimer, copyright, and limitation of liability. You will also find additional information on the next page about things you should be aware of about the process of making the generator and things to take note of. This is the guide's opening section, where you will receive a complete introduction to the entire product.
Here the author discusses alternative energy sources and how important they are to human civilization. He talks about the power efficiency guide and what it does.
Then the author goes further to talk about the alternative energy sources we have. He explains what solar energy is and how it works. With illustrated diagrams, he explains solar energy's workings, and you will also find out the two kinds of solar energy. He explains how solar energy can be harnessed and converted to power and why it is a very acceptable power source.
In the next subtopic, the author discusses the history of photovoltaic solar power. He explains how it was discovered, various discoveries on the subject, and its evolution over the years.
The author discusses how the solar panel works, what solar cells are made of, and what a solar energy system is and its components. Here you will find illustrations of the working of the solar system in a house and an explanation of how solar arrays are to be placed.
Following this, the author discusses other sources of energy like wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, ocean energy, etc. In this section, the author will list and explain with illustration the various components that will be built to make up the power generator. You will know what they are, how they work, their importance, and several other useful information about them for all these components.
You will also find links attached by the author where you can purchase these components. So the list of components for the first part of the construction, which you will find explained by the author, include a 12v dc motor, gears with sprocket chain, a flywheel, rotors, and an alternator.
For the second part of this construction, you will need solar panels, reflective panes, stands, hinges, cables, battery, inverter, and test kit. Then the author now turns his attention to the generator. Here he explains the components of the generator and how to prepare them and couple them together. This section also serves as the step-by-step process to build the generator, and you will find a lot of demonstrations to show you exactly how to go about the processes.
So the steps and components you will find here include the end caps, rotors, the magnet jig, and mold hardware, the bolt circle, the mold assembly, casting and preparation of the mold, preparing the mold and the surface, prime surfaces, mixing and pouring, the stator and preparing the mold for the epoxy resin casting.
Other procedures include making the coils, the resin casting, mold assembly, preparing the mold, wiring the stator, optimizing the air gap, mounting the rotor, fixing the driveshaft, bearing selection, casting, and implementing the case. Then the author looks over the full generator assembly with illustrations, attaching the switch, the inverter, and the battery.
This is where the author will talk about the solar panel and how to assemble it properly. You will discover the number of panels needed and the best arrangement for the panel system.
In this section, the author will also discuss the inverter, what it dies, and the types. He will also talk about the charge controllers, the cables, batteries, and how to assemble them. You will be surprised, but the numbers in the accounts can be reduced by almost 2 times using small tricks.
In addition, it is important to ensure that everything in the house is rationally organized, that is, numerous electrical appliances need to be somehow streamlined. And each of them uses more rationally! Use daylight to the maximum! Natural light from the window not only saves your money but also helps to be in a good mood during the winter blues.
It makes sense to change the thick summer blinds and dark curtains for light tulle. This changes the design of the rooms for the better and helps to use natural lighting wisely. The workplace must be located in an area optimally lit by the light from the window, this will allow you to turn on the desk lamp later.
Energy-saving light bulbs LED use 4 times less electricity than conventional inc andescent bulbs! They serve at the same time much longer. Turn off the light! This is a question of awareness — turn on your attention and check where now electric light is not really needed. In the evenings, it is easy to reduce the number of rooms with the lights on. It is enough just to occupy the whole family with 1—2 rooms instead of distribution throughout the apartment.
Furthermore, what if something happens on a national scale? What if you suddenly find yourself without electricity, and you have no idea when it might be coming back? No doubt, these are also things that you think about all the time. This is where Backyard Revolution ebook comes into play. This extraordinary opportunity is going to show you everything you need to create what will essentially be your own personal power plant. Elsad Huseynov. Anamta Khan.
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